Nicachi Songs: Zapotec Ritual Texts and Postclassic Ritual Knowledge in Colonial Oaxaca
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Research Year:  2003
Culture:  Zapotec
Chronology:  Post Classic
Location:  Oaxaca, México
Site:  Villa Alta

Table of Contents

Introduction
The ethnohistorical context of the Zapotec ritual songs of Villa Alta
The linguistic and textual context of production of the Villa Alta songs
Dialectal features
Table 1. Orthographic evidence from the written colonial Cajonos Zapotec dialect
Table 2. Orthographic evidence from the written colonial Nexitzo Zapotec dialect
The Villa Alta songs and other Mesoamerican ritual genres
A preliminary analysis of the Zapotec songs of Villa Alta
The Christian clandestine songs of Villa Alta: Booklets 102 and 103
A communal ritual genre of Late Postclassic origin: Booklets 100 and 101
Structural features of the song corpus in Booklets 100 and 101
Ancestors and deity complexes in the Villa Alta songs
Four founding ancestors named in Booklets 100 and 101
Coque Yagchila (Lord 1 Cayman)
Bicia Tao (Great Eagle)
Bilatela Tao (Great 4/11 Knot)
Biquini Xila (Bird of Cotton/Feather)
Deity complexes
Table 3. Zapotec deities in Oaxaca, 16th–20th centuries
Preliminary conclusions
List of Figures
Sources Cited

Introduction

This report is based on ethnohistorical and linguistic information collected at the Archivo General de Indias (AGI) in Seville, Spain, in Spring 2003, and at five different archival depositories in Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, which were visited in the summer of 2003 and 2004–the Archivo General del Estado de Oaxaca (AGEO), the Archivo Histórico del Arzobispado de Oaxaca (AHAO), the Archivo Luis Castañeda (ALC), the Archivo de Notarías de Oaxaca (ANO), and the Archivo del Poder Judicial del Estado de Oaxaca (APJO), which houses hundreds of colonial records from the alcaldías mayores of Villa Alta (AVA) and Teposcolula (ATEP). In 2003-2004, about 85 trial records–which include wills, letters, and petitions written in Nexitzo, Bijanos, and Cajonos Zapotec, as well as a broad range of trial documents written in Spanish–were scanned at the Archivo del Poder Judicial del Estado de Oaxaca. This procedure was undertaken to facilitate the ongoing transcription and parsing of colonial Cajonos and Nexitzo Zapotec textual genres, which in turn yielded morphological, syntactic, and lexical data. These data are currently being used to assist in the translation of four booklets containing Zapotec ritual songs surrendered by town officials to Episcopal authorities in 1704.  The first two booklets–henceforth AGI 882 Booklets 100 and 101–are the focus of this inquiry, as they contain a total of 22 songs that name local founding ancestors and Zapotec deities. This particular song corpus was performed during specific calendrical festivities in the Cajonos Zapotec towns of Betaza and/or Lachirioag in the 17^th century. AGI 882 Booklets 102 and 103, which are also the focus of a separate translation effort, contain a total of 15 songs that celebrate a range of Christian entities and feasts.

The findings presented in this report should be regarded as preliminary conclusions drawn from a work in progress, since the translation of the song corpus contained in Booklets 100 and 101 is a research task that will take several years to conclude in a satisfactory manner. This report includes a brief characterization of the ethnohistorical context of production and performance of these Zapotec ritual songs, and an appraisal of potential links between some of the deities mentioned in the songs and other known deities in the Pan-Zapotec pantheon. The research carried out so far will continue with subsequent visits to archives in México City and Oaxaca City and with further consultations with linguistic informants in Villa Alta in 2005 and 2006.

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Submitted 05/29/2005 by:

Assistant Professor
Anthropology Department
Vassar College